The Doctrine of Karma in Buddhism and Hinduism: Understanding Cause and Effect

Karma, a concept deeply rooted in Asian spirituality, particularly Buddhism and Hinduism, is closely tied to the teachings of cause and effect. In essence, karma is the natural and universal law that every action creates a consequence, serving as a moral guide for individuals and societies. This article explores the concept of karma in Buddhism and Hinduism, examining its significance and the role it plays in the spiritual journey.

What is Karma?

In simple terms, karma refers to the law of creation and causality. According to this doctrine, what you do in this life influences what happens in your next life. Actions, whether good or bad, have repercussions that manifest according to the law of cause and effect.
Karma Yoga is a path of spiritual practice that emphasizes the alignment of one's actions with the divine. Through Karma Yoga, one offers actions and their outcomes to God, performing them without any expectation of a result, solely with the intention to serve God. These actions are said to transcend the law of karma, as they are free from the desires and ego-driven motivations that normally bind individuals to their karma.

Karma in Hinduism

Hindu scriptures provide a more detailed breakdown of the theory of karma, dividing it into three main categories: Prarabdha, Sancita, and Agami. Each of these segments plays a unique role in the path of one's spiritual development and the unfolding of their life's journey.

Prarabdha Karma

Prarabdha Karma is the portion of accumulated karma that is currently affecting one's life. Once Prarabdha Karma starts bearing fruit, it cannot be avoided, regardless of one's efforts. It defines the circumstances of one's existence, such as one's sex, parentage, and the color of one's skin. The idea is that one's physical existence is a result of their past actions, and these cannot be changed.

Sancita Karma

Sancita Karma refers to the accumulated karma from all past lives. It shapes a person's character and tendencies based on their past actions. Unlike Prarabdha Karma, Sancita Karma is not irreversible; it can be purified through penances, purificatory rites, and the pursuit of Jnana or wisdom. Through persistent effort and the application of knowledge, one can uproot negative habits and cultivate positive ones, leading to a better reincarnation.

Agami Karma

Agami Karma is the karma that is being created in the present life. The fruits of these actions will manifest in future lives. Since it is still in the making, individuals have the power to shape their destiny by their present actions. This makes Agami Karma the most controllable part of one's karma, providing a sense of agency and responsibility.

Conclusion and Final Thoughts

From the perspective of the Bhagavad Gita, it is emphasized that there is no way to escape the law of karma entirely. However, an aspirant can mitigate its effects by offering their actions to the divine and by ultimately removing the sense of individual agency. The theory of karma, with its three distinct yet interconnected aspects, provides a comprehensive guide for individuals seeking spiritual growth and understanding. It serves as a moral compass that encourages ethical behavior and fosters self-improvement through the ongoing cycle of cause and effect.