Brain Injury-Induced Seizures: Causes and Treatment Options

Seizures are a neurological symptom that can be caused by a variety of factors, with brain injury being one significant contributor. In this article, we explore how brain injury can lead to seizures and the different treatment options available to manage these episodes, particularly in cases where the seizures are due to brain damage from trauma.

The Link Between Brain Injury and Seizures

Seizures occur when there are abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. While the most common type of epilepsy is genetic in nature, brain injuries can also trigger seizures. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), for instance, can cause structural changes in the brain that disrupt normal electrical activity, leading to seizures. Brain injuries can happen due to falls, car accidents, sports-related injuries, or even a stroke.

How Brain Injury Causes Seizures

When the brain is injured, it can cause various changes that can lead to seizures. These changes can include:

Inflammation and swelling of brain tissue Scarring or scarring-like damage to brain cells and networks Changes in the brain's electrical activity due to damage to specific areas Formation of abnormal blood vessels that can disrupt normal brain function

These changes can affect the normal regulatory mechanisms of the brain, leading to abnormal electrical discharges and resulting in seizures. In some cases, the brain injury may occur in the region responsible for producing seizures, making the person more prone to having these episodes.

Treatment Options for Brain Injury-Induced Seizures

While there is no definitive cure for brain injury-induced seizures, several treatment options can help manage and reduce the frequency of seizures. These treatments include:

Pharmacological Treatments

Anticonvulsant medications are commonly prescribed to control seizures. However, for individuals who do not respond to these medications, alternative treatments may be necessary. It is important to note that medications alone may not be effective in all cases, as some seizures are triggered by non-epileptic factors such as anxiety, fear, or panic responses.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help manage anxiety and fear, which may trigger seizures. This therapy can help individuals identify and address the underlying psychological factors that contribute to seizure episodes. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Marijuana: Some individuals have found relief from seizures and anxiety by using CBD or marijuana. Although some people may benefit from these substances, it is important to consult a healthcare professional before using them, as they can have side effects and interact with other medications. Stress Management Techniques: Techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, and mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety, which may trigger seizures. These practices can be particularly helpful for individuals who experience panic responses to anxiety or fear.

Surgical Treatments

In some cases, surgical interventions may be considered. This can involve removing the damaged tissue or portions of the brain responsible for seizures. However, surgery is typically only considered when other treatment options have not been effective.

Personal Experience: The Journey to Managing Seizures

One individual experienced a TIA (transient ischemic attack) in 2019, which left a small black spot on the left temporal region of their brain. Initially, they experienced about 90 seizures per day but now report having only one or two seizures per week, sometimes less. The individual recently has been having one seizure per day for a few weeks. Despite trying several medications, they found that none were helpful. However, they discovered that marijuana usage significantly reduced their seizure frequency. Although they no longer smoke marijuana, it served as a temporary solution to their condition.

It is important to understand that this individual is not considered medically epileptic, which means that the seizures are not due to a genetic or idiopathic cause. Instead, they are related to the brain injury. Doctors often state that such cases are not medically treatable, implying that current medical treatments may not be effective in all cases.

Conclusion

Brain injury-induced seizures are a complex condition that requires a multifaceted approach to management. While pharmacological treatments are a common first step, other non-pharmacological options, such as psychotherapy, stress management, and lifestyle changes, can also play a significant role. In some cases, surgery may be an option. It is crucial for individuals to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and circumstances.

References

[1] National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2021). Traumatic Brain Injury: Hope Through Research [online]. Available at:

[2] Epilepsy Foundation. (2021). Causes of Epilepsy [online]. Available at: